fn runpf() {
    // get bus index lists of each type of bus
    // get generator status
    // bus_gen_status = zeros(size(bus, 1), 1);
    // bus_gen_status(gen(:, GEN_BUS)) = gen(:, GEN_STATUS) > 0;
    nb = size(bus, 0);
    ng = size(gen, 0);
    g_i = slice(gen, [0], [GEN_BUS-1,GEN_BUS]) - 1; // generator bus indices
    Cg = full(sparse(g_i, range(0, ng), slice(gen, [0], [GEN_STATUS-1,GEN_STATUS]) > 0, nb, ng));  // gen connection matrix
                                            // element i, j is 1 if, generator j at bus i is ON
    bus_gen_status = Cg * ones(ng, 1);      // number of generators at each bus that are ON

    // form index lists for slack, PV, and PQ buses
    bus_type = slice(bus, [0], [BUS_TYPE-1,BUS_TYPE]); // bus type column
    ref = find(bus_type == REF && bus_gen_status);   // reference bus index
    pv  = find(bus_type == PV  && bus_gen_status);   // PV bus indices
    pq  = find(bus_type == PQ || ~~bus_gen_status);   // PQ bus indices

    // generator info
    on = find(slice(gen, [0], [GEN_STATUS-1, GEN_STATUS]) > 0);  // which generators are on?
    gbus = get_multi(slice(gen, [0], [GEN_BUS-1, GEN_BUS]), on) - 1; // what buses are they at?

    // initial state
    //V0    = ones(nb, 1);            // flat start
    V0  = slice(bus, [0], [VM-1,VM]) .* exp(c(0,1) * pi/180 * slice(bus, [0], [VA-1,VA]));
    vcb = set(ones(size(V0)), pq, zeros(size(pq)));   // create mask of voltage-controlled buses
    k = find(get_multi(vcb, gbus));            // in-service gens at v-c buses
    gbus_index = get_multi(gbus, k);            // indices of in-service generators at v-c buses
    on_k = get_multi(on, k);
    gen_vg = get_multi(slice(gen, [0], [VG-1,VG]), on_k);
    gbus_k = get_multi(gbus, k);
    voltage_g = get_multi(V0, gbus_k);
    V_init = set(V0, gbus_k, gen_vg ./ abs(voltage_g) .* voltage_g);

    // build admittance matrices
    [Ybus, _, _] = make_y_bus(baseMVA, bus, branch);
    qlim = 0;
    loop {
        // compute bus power injections
        Sbus = make_sbus(baseMVA, bus, gen);
        V = newtonpf(Ybus, Sbus, V_init, ref, pv, pq, [1e-6, 100]);
        if ~~is_empty(V) && qlim {
            // if V is empty, it means the power flow did not converge
            break;
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }

    return V;
}